浅析正当防卫的构成要件

栾桂平


　　我国刑法第二十条第一款规定：为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害行为，对不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。这就明确的给出了正当防卫的概念：是指为了国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而对不法侵害者实施的制止其不法侵害且未明显超过必要限度的损害行为。正当防卫制度的确立对完善社会主义法制、稳定社会秩序、打击预防犯罪及保护合法权益上有重大意义。（1）可以及时保障国家的、公共的、公民本人的和其他人的合法权益免受正在进行的不法侵害。（2）法律不仅允许为保护自己的合法权益而进行正当防卫，还允许为保护国家、公共和他人合法权益而进行正当防卫。这就提高了每个公民都要树立见义勇为、互相帮助的精神。（3）有利于威慑犯罪分子，有效遏止、预防犯罪。公民在实施正当防卫时，在必要的时候可以对不法侵害人的人身、财产等利益造成一定的损害，甚至可以致伤或致死不法侵害人。这对不法侵害者和潜在的犯罪分子都是一种有效的威慑。 从这几个方面出发，必须明确下面两个问题：
　　第一、正当防卫情况下所实施的行为，从客观上看它是制止不法侵害行为，使国家、公共利益、公民本人以及他人的合法利益免遭损害，这种行为对社会，对人民起的作用是有益的，因此它不仅不具有社会危害性，相反是有益于社会的，从主观上看，行为人实施正当防卫的目的是为了保护国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的合法权益免受不法侵害，不具有违法犯罪的心理状态。
　　第二、刑法规定对不法侵害可以实行正当防卫，这是法律赋予我国公民的一种权利。正当防卫所以成为公民的一种权利，是基于这种行为产生的特殊背景，即行为本身发生在合法利益正在遭受不法侵害的紧急状态下，而国家的公安、司法及有关机关在时间上又干预不及时，在这种场合下，提倡每一个公民起来积极实行自卫、勇于帮助他人、维护国家的利益、坚决同不法侵害作斗争是十分必要的。
　　一、正当防卫的构成要件
　　（1）正当防卫的起因条件——必须有不法侵害行为的发生和存在。必须有不法侵害行为发生。对合法行为不能实施防卫。
　　（2）正当防卫的时间条件——不法侵害行为正在进行。
　　（3）正当防卫的主观条件——必须是为了保护国家、公共利益、本人或他人的人身财产和其他合法权益，因而在实践中，下列几种情况不能认定为正当防卫：①防卫挑拨。②相互斗殴。③为保护非法利益。④偶然防卫。指行为人不知道他人正在进行不法侵害，而故意对其实施侵害行为，结果正好制止了他人的不法侵害，并且也没有超过必要限度的情况。
　　（4）正当防卫的对象条件——只能针对不法侵害本人实施。
　　目前刑法学界对共同不法侵害中正当防卫对象的界定有不同的理解。有的认为对共同不法侵害中的任何一个不法侵害者都可以进行正当防卫；有的认为对共同不法侵害中的部分不法侵害者可以进行正当防卫。正当防卫强调侵害的紧迫性，所以在共同不法侵害中，只能针对那些对合法权益造成现实、直接损害或威胁的不法侵害者进行正当防卫。这就有可能包括共同侵害中的任何一个不法侵害者，也可能只包括部分的不法侵害者。
　　（5）正当防卫的限度条件——不能明显超过必要限度且对不法侵害人造成重大损害。
　　“如果说正当防卫的前四个条件在一定程度上决定了反击行为的性质，那么防卫限度则是决定着反击行为是否成立正当防卫的关键。”也就是说，反击行为超过正当防卫的限度要求时，这种反击就演变成了应当负刑事责任的犯罪行为了。
　　综上所述，正当防卫由以上五个条件组成，上述条件相辅相成，缺一不可，前四个条件以正面肯定的形式表现出来，第五个条件则从反面以否定的形式表现出来，正反两面结合共同构成了正当防卫成立的条件体系。


北安市人民法院　栾桂平
国务院


中华人民共和国防止船舶污染海域管理条例(附英文)

1983年12月29日，国务院

第一章 总则
第一条 为实施《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》，防止船舶污染海域，维护海域生态环境，特制定本条例。
第二条 本条例适用在中华人民共和国管辖海域、海港内的一切中国籍船舶、外国籍船舶及船舶所有人和其他个人。
第三条 防止船舶污染海域环境的主管机关，是中华人民共和国港务监督（以下简称港务监督）。

第二章 一般规定
第四条 在中华人民共和国管辖海域、海港内的一切船舶，不得违反《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》和本条例的规定排放油类、油性混合物、废弃物和其他有毒害物质。
第五条 任何船舶不得向河口附近的港口淡水水域、海洋特别保护区和海上自然保护区排放油类、油性混合物、废弃物和其他有毒害物质。
第六条 船舶发生油类、油性混合物和其他有毒害物质造成污染海域事故，应立即采取措施，控制和消除污染，并尽快向就近的港务监督提交书面报告，接受调查处理。
第七条 船舶发生海损事故造成或者可能造成海洋环境重大污染损害的，港务监督有权强制采取避免或减少这种污染损害的措施，包括强制清除或强制拖航的措施。由此发生的一切费用，由肇事船方承担。
第八条 船舶在中华人民共和国管辖海域自己发生或发现其他船舶污染海域情事或违章行为的，应按《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第三十六条、第三十七条规定办理。
第九条 船舶需要在港内进行洗舱作业，必须采取安全和防止污染海域措施，并事先向港务监督申请，经批准后，方可进行。
第十条 为保证油轮的安全引航、靠泊和防止海域污染，所有进港的空载油轮留存的压舱水不得少于该油轮载重量的四分之一。港务监督对于不按规定留足压舱水的油轮,要调查其压舱水的去向，并视情况进行处理。
第十一条 船舶在发生油污事故或违章排油后，不得擅自使用化学消油剂。如必需使用时，应事先用电话或书面向港务监督申请，说明消油剂的牌号、计划用量和使用地点，经批准后，方可使用。
第十二条 发生污染事故，或违章排污的船舶，其被处以罚款或需负担清除、赔偿等经济责任的船舶所有人或肇事人，必须在开航前办妥有关款项的财务担保或缴纳手续。
第十三条 航行国际航线、载运二千吨以上的散装货油的船舶，除执行本条例规定外，并适用于我国参加的《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》。

第三章 船舶防污文书及防污设备
第十四条 船舶防污文书：
（一）一百五十总吨以上的油轮、四百总吨以上的非油轮和载运二千吨以上的散装货油的船舶，必须分别备有《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第二十八条规定的相应的船舶防污文书；
（二）船舶还应备齐港务监督要求的其他防污文书。
第十五条 对一百五十总吨以上的油轮和四百总吨以上的非油轮,防止油污染设备应符合下列要求：
（一）机舱污水和压载水分别使用不同的管系；
（二）设置污油储存舱；
（三）装设标准排放接头；
（四）装设油水分离设备或过滤系统，并满足在距最近陆地十二海里以内排放含油污水时，经处理的油污水排放含油量不超过十五毫克／升,在距最近陆地十二海里以外排放油污水时，经处理的油污水排放含油量不超过一百毫克／升的要求；
（五)一万总吨以上的船舶，除满足本条上述各项规定外，还应装有排油监控装置；
（六）船舶装设的其他防污设备，应符合国家船舶防污结构与设备规范的有关规定。
现有船舶防污设备达不到上述要求的，应在本条例实施后三年内达到规定的要求。
第十六条 不足一百五十总吨的油轮和不足四百总吨的非油轮，应设有专用容器，回收残油、废油。该容器应能将残油、废油排入港口接收设备，并应备有本条例第十五条第（三）、（六）项规定的设备。

第四章 船舶油类作业及油污水的排放
第十七条 船舶进行油类作业，必须遵守下列规定：
（一）作业前，必须检查管路、阀门，作好准备工作，堵好甲板排水孔，关好有关通海阀；
（二）检查油类作业的有关设备，使其处于良好状态；
（三）对可能发生溢漏的地方，要设置集油容器；
（四）供油、受油双方商定的联系信号，以受方为主，双方均应切实执行；
（五)作业中，要有足够人员值班，当班人员要坚守岗位，严格执行操作规程，掌握作业进度，防止跑油、漏油；
（六）停止作业时，必须关好有关阀门；
（七）收解输油软管时，必须事先用盲板将软管封好，或采取其他有效措施，防止软管存油倒流入海；
（八）油轮应将油类作业情况，准确地记入《油类记录簿》；非油轮应记入《轮机日志》或值班记录簿。
第十八条 船舶在进行油类作业的过程中，如发生跑油、漏油事故，应及时采取清除措施，防止扩大油污染，同时向港务监督报告。查明原因后，应写出书面报告，并接受调查处理。
第十九条 船舶排放污染物，必须符合中华人民共和国《船舶污染物排放标准》。
到港船舶的压舱、洗舱、机舱等含油污水，不得任意排放，应由港口油污水处理设施接收处理。港口无接收处理条件船舶含油污水又确需排放时，应事先向港务监督提出书面报告，经批准后，按规定条件和指定区域排放。
第二十条 按本条例第十九条批准的船舶排放含油污水，必须分别符合以下各项规定：
（一）一般情况
1．在批准的区域内；
2．在航行中，瞬时排放率不大于六十公升／海里；
3．污水的含油量不大于十五毫克／升；
4．船上油水分离设备、过滤系统和排油监控装置，处于正常工作状态；
5．在退潮时。
（二）一百五十总吨以上的油轮和四百总吨以上的非油轮机舱油污水的排放，除满足上述（一）项之1、2、4、5外，还应满足：
1．距最近陆地十二海里以外；
2．污水含油量不大于一百毫克／升。
（三）一百五十总吨以上油轮的压舱水、洗舱水的排放，除满足上述（一）项之2、4外，还应满足：
1．距最近陆地五十海里以外；
2．每压载航次排油总量，现有油轮不得超过装油总量的一万五千分之一，新油轮不超过装油总量的三万分之一。

第五章 船舶装运危险货物
第二十一条 船舶装运易燃、易爆、腐蚀、有毒害和放射性的危险货物，应采取必要的安全和防污染措施。应悬挂规定的信号，遵守中华人民共和国交通部《船舶装载危险货物监督管理规则》和国际海事组织《国际海上危险货物运输规则》，防止发生事故造成危险货物散落或溢漏污染海域。
第二十二条 船舶在港进行散装有毒害液态危险货物时，参照执行本条例第十七条的各项规定。
第二十三条 船舶在港口进行装卸有毒害、含腐蚀或放射性危险货物时，船方和作业单位都必须采取预防措施，防止货物落水。如发生事故，应采取紧急措施，进行打捞清除，并立即向港务监督报告，及时通告有关单位，采取措施，防止造成重大危害。

第六章 船舶其他污水
第二十四条 核动力船舶和装载放射性物质的船舶，必须遵守《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第三十一条的规定。
第二十五条 来自有疫情港口船舶的压舱水，应申请卫生检疫部门进行卫生处理。
第二十六条 装运有毒害、含腐蚀性货物的船舶，排放含有该物质的洗舱水，必须符合以下各项：
（一）在批准的区域内；
（二）距最近陆地十二海里以外，水深二十五米以上；
（三）在航行中，且船速不小于七节，非自航船，航速不小于四节；
（四）在退潮时；
（五)固体残余物，不得排入海域，必须回收处理；
（六）将排放情况记入《航海日志》。

第七章 船舶垃圾
第二十七条 船舶垃圾不得任意倒入港区水域。装载有毒害货物，以及粉尘飞扬的散装货物的船舶，不得任意在港内冲洗甲板和舱室，或以其他方式将残物排入港内。确需冲洗的，事先必须申请港务监督批准。
第二十八条 在港船舶，凡需清倒船舶垃圾的，应在船上显示海港规定的信号，招用垃圾清倒船（车）接收处理。并应做到：
（一）船舶生活垃圾的储集容器，必须有盖和不渗漏，并定期进行清倒；
（二）船舶的垫舱、扫舱物料和各种固体垃圾，应由港口船舶服务部门进行清倒，船方应事先向港口船舶服务部门提出申请，并提供清倒物的种类和数量；
（三）在船舶垃圾中，含有毒害或其他危险货物成分的，船方在申请清倒时，必须提供这些物质的品名、性质和数量，并严格和其他垃圾分开堆放。
第二十九条 来自有疫情港口的船舶垃圾，应申请卫生检疫部门进行卫生处理。
第三十条 船舶在海上处理垃圾，应符合以下规定：
（一）塑料制品不得投弃入海；
（二）船舶生活垃圾及食品废弃物，经过粉碎处理，粒径小于二十五毫米的，可在距最近陆地三海里以外投弃；未经粉碎处理的，应在距最近陆地十二海里以外投弃。

第八章 使用船舶倾倒废弃物
第三十一条 任何单位需使用船舶倾倒废弃物的，应向起运港的港务监督提交国家海洋局或其派出机构的批准文件，经核实后，方可办理船舶进出口签证。如发现实际装载的与所批准的内容不符，则不予办理签证。
第三十二条 船舶在执行倾倒废弃物任务时，船方要如实记录倾倒情况。返港后，船方应向当地港务监督作出书面报告。
第三十三条 外国籍船舶不得在中华人民共和国管辖海域内进行倾倒废弃物作业，包括弃置船舶和其他浮动工具。

第九章 水上、水下船舶修造打捞和拆船工程
第三十四条 船舶修造、打捞和拆船单位，均应备有足够的防止污染器材和设备。水上、水下船舶施工，应采取预防措施，防止油类、油性混合物和其他废弃物污染海域。水上船舶施工的油污水，按本条例第十九条、第二十条规定处理。
第三十五条 在水上进行船舶修造作业的集中区域，应设置围油栏，防止散落水上的油类和油漆扩散，并应及时清理。修造过程中的工业垃圾及其他废弃物，由施工单位组织回收处理，不得投弃入海。
第三十六条 在水上进行拆船的，拆除的物件不得投弃入海。船底和油柜不得在水上进行拆除，必须拖到岸上进行拆除作业，残油要回收处理。
第三十七条 船舶发生海损事故，或有可能沉没时，船员离船前，应尽可能地关闭所有油舱（柜）管系的阀门，堵塞油舱（柜）通气孔，防止溢油。并应在海事报告书中，说明存油的数量及通气孔的位置。
第三十八条 在进行水下船舶的打捞工程时，应采取措施防止油污扩大和新的污染发生。

第十章 船舶污染事故的损害赔偿
第三十九条 凡违反《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》和本条例，造成海洋环境污染损害的船舶，港务监督可以责令其支付消除污染费，赔偿国家损失。当事人不服的，可按《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第四十一条规定向人民法院起诉。
第四十条 凡由船舶造成海洋污染，受到污染损害的单位和个人，需要进行民事责任索赔的，按《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第四十二条规定的处理程序处理。赔偿责任和赔偿金额纠纷，可由港务监督调解处理。当事人对处理不服的，可以向人民法院起诉；也可以直接向人民法院起诉。涉外案件还可以按仲裁程序解决。
第四十一条 凡受船舶污染损害要求赔偿的单位和个人，如果申请港务监督处理，应尽快向就近的港务监督提交污染损害索赔报告书。该报告书应包括以下内容：
（一）受船舶污染损害的时间、地点、范围、对象，以及当时的气象、水文情况；
（二）受污染损害（包括水产资源和各种器具）的损失清单，包括品名、数量、单价、计算方法，以及养殖或自然的情况；
（三）有关科研部门鉴定或公证机关对损害情况的签证；
（四）尽可能提供的受污染损害的原始单证，有关情况的照片，其他有关索赔的证明单据、材料。
第四十二条 参与清除船舶污染损害，需要索取清除污染费用的单位和个人，在清除污染工作结束后，应尽快向有关港务监督提交索取清除污染费用报告书，该报告书应包括：
（一）清除污染的时间、地点、日程记录或《航海日志》摘录；
（二）投入的人力、机具、船只、清除材料的数量、单价、计算方法；
（三）组织清除的管理费、交通费及其他有关费用；
（四）清除效果及情况报告；
（五）其他有关证据和证明材料。
第四十三条 船舶在中华人民共和国管辖的海域发生污染事故，应尽快向就近的港务监督报告，在船舶进入第一港口后，应立即向港务监督提交报告书，并接受调查处理。该报告书的内容应包括：船舶污染发生的时间、地点、范围、气象、水文情况，经过情况、抢救和清除措施，原因和损害，并应附送有关的材料。
第四十四条 船舶发生污染事故，船舶所有人要求免于承担赔偿责任的，应向港务监督提出报告。该报告应能证实污染损害是完全属于《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第四十三条所列的情形之一，并经过及时采取合理措施仍不能避免对海洋环境造成污染损害的。
第四十五条 港务监督受理的因船舶污染而引起的赔偿责任和赔偿金额的纠纷，在调查了解的基础上，可进行调解或根据调查结果作出处理。

第十一章 处罚与奖励
第四十六条 凡由于船舶违反《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》和本条例，造成或可能造成对中华人民共和国管辖海域和海港水域污染损害的，港务监督视其责任情节的轻重和污染损害的程度，可以处以警告，或对船舶所有人处以罚款。
第四十七条 对船舶所有人的罚款，最高额为人民币十万元。但对下列情况之一者，罚款的最高额为人民币一千元：
（一）未经批准，擅自使用消油剂；
（二）未按规定配备《油类记录簿》；
（三）《油类记录簿》的记载非正规化，或记载伪造事实；
（四）阻挠港务监督检查。
对有直接责任的船员或其他个人，应予以教育，情节严重的也可罚款，但所罚款额最高不得超过本人月基本工资的百分之二十。
第四十八条 船舶发生污染事故，或违章排污，经调查，证据确凿，不论其承认与否，同样按规定处理。
第四十九条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的，按《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第四十一条规定办理。
第五十条 对船舶发生污染事故，能主动检举、揭发，积极提供证据，或采取有效措施减少污染损害有突出成绩的个人，应给予表扬或奖励。
第五十一条 对肇事船舶或直接责任人员的罚款，全部列专款上缴国库。对本条例第五十条中有关人员的奖励金，由国家财政核拨。

第十二章 附则
第五十二条 本条例中下列用语的含义是：
（一）“海港”是指沿海港口以及河流入海处附近，以靠泊海船为主的港口，包括该港区范围内的水域和通海航道。
（二）“船舶”是指一切类型的机动和非机动船只，但不包括海上石油勘探开发作业中的固定式和移动式平台。
（三）“油类”是指任何类型的油及其炼制品。
（四）“船舶垃圾”是指船舶在营运生产过程中，自身正常产生的船员生活垃圾，炉渣、垫、隔舱和扫舱物料，以及船上损耗报废的工索具和机器零件等。
（五）“现有船舶”系指一九八三年三月一日以前交船的船舶。
第五十三条 对外国籍船舶的管理，除执行本条例外，可实行与该船舶所属国对等原则的管理。
第五十四条 国家渔政渔港监督管理机构，在渔港水域内，行使本条例规定的主管机关的职权。
第五十五条 海港中的军事管辖区及军用船舶的内部防止污染管理，由军队环境保护部门依据《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》和本条例，另行具体规定。
第五十六条 本条例自发布之日起施行。

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PREVENTION OFVESSEL- INDUCED SEA POLLUTION

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PREVENTION OF
VESSEL- INDUCED SEA POLLUTION
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 29, 1983)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated with a view to implementing the Marine
Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, preventing
sea pollution by ships and maintaining the marine ecological environment.
Article 2
These Regulations are applicable to all Chinese and foreign vessels,
shipowners and other individuals within the sea areas and harbors under
the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The organs in charge of the prevention of vessel-induced pollution of the
marine environment are the harbor superintendency administration of the
People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "harbor
superintendencies").

Chapter II General Stipulations
Article 4
All vessels in the sea areas and harbors under the jurisdiction of the
People's Republic of China shall in no case discharge oils, oil-based
mixtures, waste materials and other toxic substances in violation of the
stipulations of the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's
Republic of China and these Regulations.
Article 5
No vessel shall discharge oils, oil-based mixtures, waste materials and
other toxic substances into the freshwater of harbors close to river
mouths, special marine reserves and natural marine protection areas.
Article 6
When accidents of pollution occur in the sea areas caused by oil, oil-
based mixtures and other toxic substances from vessels, measures shall be
immediately adopted to control and eliminate the pollution and a written
report shall be made to a nearby harbor superintendency administration as
quickly as possible for investigation and treatment.
Article 7
In cases where marine accidents have caused, or are likely to cause, major
pollution damage to the marine environment, the harbor superintendency
administration shall have the right to compel the adoption of measures to
avoid or reduce this pollution damage, including measures of compulsory
elimination of pollution or compulsory towing of the vessels. The vessels
causing the problems shall bear all the costs arising therefrom.
Article 8
When vessels cause or find other vessels cause pollution or violate the
relevant regulations in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the
People's Republic of China, the matter shall be handled in accordance with
the stipulations of Articles 36 and 37 of the Marine Environmental
Protection Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 9
Vessels which need to conduct cabin-washing operations in the harbor must
adopt measures for safety and for preventing pollution damage to the sea
areas. Applications shall be submitted in advance to the harbor
superintendency administration, and the operation may proceed only with
approval.
Article 10
To ensure safe pilotage and docking of oil tankers and to prevent
pollution of the sea areas, the ballast water kept in all empty oil
tankers entering the harbor must be no less than one-fourth of the
deadweight capacity of the oil tanker in question. In cases where an oil
tanker does not keep sufficient ballast water as stipulated, the harbor
superintendency administration shall investigate the whereabouts of its
ballast water and handle the matter according to the circumstances
therearound.
Article 11
After oil pollution accidents or discharges of oil in violation of the
regulations have occurred, the vessels involved may not use oil-
eliminating chemicals at their own discretion. If oil-eliminating
chemicals have to be used, applications by telephone or in written form
shall be made to the harbor superintendencies in advance, with the brand
names, amounts and the areas for the application of the oil-eliminating
agents stated, and they may be used only with approval.
Article 12
In cases pollution accidents or pollutant discharges in violation of the
regulations occur, the owners of the vessels involved or the persons who
have caused the problems and who are found or held economically liable for
the cleaning and compensation must complete the procedures of the
financial guarantee for or the payment of the relevant sums of money
before the vessels set sail.
Article 13
Vessels carrying 2,000 tons or more of bulk oil or cargoes navigating on
international navigation lines shall, in addition to implementing the
stipulations of these Regulations, abide by the International Pact of 1969
on Civil Liability for Harm from Oil Pollution, to which China has
acceded.

Chapter III Documents and Equipment for the Prevention of Vessel- induced Pollution
Article 14
Documents for the prevention of vessel-induced pollution:
(1) oil tankers of 150 gross tonnage or more, non-oil tankers of 400 gross
tonnage or more and vessels carrying 2,000 tons or more of bulk oil and
cargoes shall be respectively equipped with the corresponding documents
for the prevention of pollution by vessels as stipulated in Article 28 of
the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China;
(2) vessels shall also be equipped with all the other documents for the
prevention of pollution as demanded by the harbor superintendencies.
Article 15
With regard to oil tankers of 150 gross tonnage or more and non-oil
tankers of 400 gross tonnage or more, the equipment on board for the
prevention of pollution shall meet the following requirements:
(1) separate piping systems are used for the polluted water in the engine
room and the ballast tank water;
(2) foul oil storage tanks are installed;
(3) standard discharge connections are used;
(4) oil and water separation equipment or filtering system is installed
and it is ensured that the discharged oil content of the treated oil-
polluted water does not exceed 15 mg/liter, when discharged within 12
nautical miles of the nearest land and not exceed 100 mg/liter, when
discharged beyond 12 nautical miles from the nearest land;
(5) ships of 10,000 tonnage or more shall, in addition to satisfying the
afore- mentioned requirements as stipulated in this Article, also be
equipped with monitoring and control devices for oil discharge;
(6) other pollution-prevention equipment installed on board the vessels
shall conform to the relevant stipulations of the state for vessels'
pollution-prevention structures and equipment standards.
The existing pollution-prevention equipment that is not up to the above
requirements shall be brought up to the stipulated requirements within 3
years of the implementation of these Regulations.
Article 16
Oil tankers of under 150 gross tonnage and non-oil tankers of under 400
gross tonnage shall be fitted out with specialized containers for
retrieving residue oil and waste oil. These containers shall be able to
discharge residue oil and waste oil to the receptacles at harbors and
shall be equipped as stipulated in Clauses (3) and (6) of Article 15 of
these Regulations.

Chapter IV Oil Operations and Discharge of Oil-polluted Water by Vessels
Article 17
When performing oil loading or unloading operations, vessels must observe
the following stipulations:
(1) before the operations, the pipelines and valves must be examined,
preparatory work done, the decks drainage holes closed and the relevant
valves leading to the sea shut;
(2) the relevant equipment for oil operations must be examined and kept in
good condition;
(3) containers for collecting oil shall be placed where oil overflow and
oil leakage could occur;
(4) both parties, primarily the recipient, shall earnestly act upon the
contracted signals agreed on through consultation by the oil supplier and
the oil recipient;
(5) during the operations, there shall be sufficient personnel on duty,
those who are on duty must stand fast at their posts, strictly observe the
operational rules, keep informed on and control over the progress of the
operations and prevent oil escape and leakage;
(6) when operations stop, the relevant valves must be shut;
(7) when brought in or untied, the flexible pipes must be sealed up with
built-in valves in advance, or other effective measures adopted to prevent
the oil remaining in the pipes from flowing backward into the sea;
(8) oil tankers shall make accurate entries of the situation of oil
operations in the "record book for oils"; non-oil tankers shall make
entries in the "engine logbook" or the minute book of those on duty.
Article 18
In the event of oil escape or oil leakage while performing oil operations,
vessels shall promptly adopt measures to eliminate oil pollution and
prevent its expansion, and at the same time report to the harbor
superintendencies. After the causes have been ascertained, the vessels
shall report in writing and wait for investigation and handling.
Article 19
In discharging pollutants, vessels must meet the "Standards for Discharge
of Pollutants by Vessels" of the People's Republic of China.
Such oil-polluted water as that in the ballast tanks, that from washing of
cabins and that in the engine rooms of vessels entering harbors must not
be discharged at will; it shall be received and disposed of with disposal
facilities for oil-polluted water at the harbor. If the harbor is not
equipped for receiving and disposing of oil-polluted water when vessels'
oil-polluted water have to be discharged, a written report shall be
submitted to the harbor superintendencies in advance. After approval is
received, the discharge shall be conducted conditionally and at designated
areas.
Article 20
The discharge of vessels' oil-polluted water approved in accordance with
Article 19 of these Regulations must be in accordance with the following
stipulations:
(1) general requirements
a. the discharge must be done within the approved areas;
b. in the course of navigating, the instantaneous discharge rate may not
exceed 60 liters/nautical mile;
c. the oil content of the polluted water may not exceed 15 mg/liter;
d. the oil and water separation equipment, the filtering system and the
monitoring and controlling devices of oil discharge must be in normal
working condition;
e. the discharge must be done on the ebbtide.
(2) the discharge of oil-polluted water from the engine rooms of oil
tankers of 150 gross tonnage or more and non-oil tankers of 400 gross
tonnage or more must, in addition to satisfying a, b, d, and e of the
above-listed general requirements, also meet the following requirements:
a. discharge must be done beyond 12 nautical miles from the nearest land;
b. the oil content of the polluted water may not exceed 100 mg/liter.
(3) the discharge of ballast water and the water from the washing of
cabins of oil tankers of 150 gross tonnage or more must, in addition to
satisfying b and d of the above-listed general requirements, also meet the
following requirements:
a. dumping must be done 50 nautical miles away from the nearest land;
b. the total amount of oil discharged in each ballast voyage may not
exceed 1/15000 of the total amount of oil carried for existing oil
tankers, and not exceed 1/30000 for new oil tankers.

Chapter V Dangerous Goods Carried by Vessels
Article 21
Vessels carrying dangerous goods with inflammable, explosive or corrosive,
toxic and radioactive substances shall adopt necessary safety and anti-
pollution measures. They shall raise the stipulated signals, observe the
"Regulations on Supervision and Control of Dangerous Goods Carried by
Vessels" and "Regulations on Transportation of Dangerous Goods through
Water Routes" of the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic
of China and the "Rules on Transportation of Dangerous Goods on
International Seas" of the International Maritime Organization, and
prevent occurrence of accidents that will cause the dangerous goods to
scatter or leak out to pollute the sea areas.
Article 22
When vessels are loading dangerous toxic bulk liquids at the harbor, the
various stipulations prescribed in Article 17 of these Regulations may be
referred to for implementation.
Article 23
When vessels are loading and unloading dangerous goods of a toxic,
corrosive or radioactive nature, both the vessels and the operation units
must adopt precautionary measures to prevent the goods from falling into
the water. Should accidents occur, urgent measures shall be adopted to
retrieve and remove the goods. Reports shall be made immediately to the
harbor superintendencies and the relevant units must be informed in good
time, so that measures will be adopted to prevent major damage.

Chapter VI Other Polluted Water from Vessels
Article 24
Nuclear-powered vessels and vessels carrying radioactive substances must
observe the stipulations in Article 31 of the Marine Environmental
Protection Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 25
Vessels from epidemic-affected ports shall apply to the sanitation and
quarantine department for sanitary treatment of the ballast water thereof.
Article 26
Vessels carrying toxic goods and goods containing corrosive substances
must, in discharging hold-washings containing such substances, conform to
the following requirements:
(1) discharge within the approved areas;
(2) discharge 12 nautical miles away from the nearest land, and the depth
of the water exceed 25 meters;
(3) discharge in the course of navigating, and at a speed of not less than
7 knots and for non-self-navigating vessels, not less than 4 knots;
(4) discharge on the ebbtide;
(5) solid residue materials may not be discharged into the sea areas; they
must be retrieved for disposal;
(6) entries must be made of discharges in the "navigation logbook".

Chapter VII Garbage from Vessels
Article 27
Garbage from vessels shall not be dumped at will into harbor waters.
Vessels carrying toxic or dusty bulk goods may not wash the decks and
cabins at will in the harbors, or discharge the residue materials in the
harbors in any other ways. If washing is really necessary, applications
must be submitted to the harbor superintendencies in advance for approval.
Article 28
Any vessel in the harbor that needs to dump garbage shall raise on board
signals as designated by the harbor, and hire garbage boats/trucks to
dispose of it. At the same time the following requirements must be met:
(1) the containers for storing and collecting domestic garbage of the
vessel must have covers and may not leak, and dumping must be done at
regular intervals;
(2) cabin paddings, materials used for sweeping the cabin and various
types of solid garbage shall be dumped by the shipping service
departments; the vessel shall apply to these departments in advance and
provide the information about the types and amounts of the materials to be
dumped;
(3) with respect to the garbage containing toxic or other dangerous
substances, the vessel, in applying for dumping, provide the names, nature
and amounts of these materials, which shall be strictly separated from
other garbage.
Article 29
With respect to the garbage of vessels from epidemic-affected ports,
applications shall be submitted to the sanitation and quarantine
department for sanitary treatment of the vessels.
Article 30
Vessels disposing of garbage at sea shall conform to the following
stipulations:
(1) plastic products may not be cast off into the sea;
(2) granulated domestic garbage and kitchen wastes of less than 25mm in
diameter may after pulverization treatment, be cast off beyond 3 nautical
miles from the nearest land; those which have not been thus treated shall
be cast off beyond 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.

Chapter VIII Use of Vessels to Dump Waste Materials
Article 31
Any unit that needs to use vessels to dump waste materials shall submit
the document of approval by the State Ocean-ography Bureau or by its
agency to the harbor superintendency of the harbor where shipment starts,
and may go through the visa precedures for the vessels to make their entry
and exit only after verification. If the actual cargoes are found to be
not in conformity with the contents approved, the visa application shall
be rejected.
Article 32
When performing operations of dumping waste materials, the vessel shall
make accurate records of the dumping. After coming back to the harbor, the
vessel shall report in written form to the harbor superintendency.
Article 33
Foreign vessels may not, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the
People's Republic of China, perform operations of dumping waste materials
including discarding vessels and other means of flotation.

Chapter IX Surface and Submerged Projects of Ship Repair, Ship Building, Ship Salvage and Ship Scrapping
Article 34
Ship repairing, scrapping and salvaging units shall all be equipped with
sufficient anti-pollution equipment and facilities. While engineering
projects are under way with a ship, either above or under water,
precautionary measures shall be adopted to prevent oils, oil mixtures and
other waste materials from polluting the sea areas. The oil-polluted water
from the project on ship above water shall be treated in accordance with
the stipulations of Articles 19 and 20 of these Regulations.
Article 35
In areas where there are concentrated surface operations of ship repairs
and ship building, enclosures shall be set up to prevent the floating of
oil and paint from spreading and to facilitate the prompt cleaning.
Industrial garbage and other waste materials from the process of repairing
and construction shall not be cast off into the sea, but rather, they
shall be retrieved and treated by the construction units.
Article 36
In surface ship scrapping, the scraps may not be cast off into the sea.
The bottom of the ship and the oil tank may not be dismantled in the sea;
they must be dragged to the shore for dismantling operations and the
residue oil must be retrieved and disposed of.
Article 37
In case of marine damage by vessels, or when vessels might sink, the crew
shall, before leaving the vessels, as far as possible shut the valves of
all the piping systems in and stop up the air vents of the oil cabins
(tanks), so as to prevent oil spill. The amount of the oil in stock and
the positions of the air vents shall be clearly stated in the maritime
reports.
Article 38
In conducting ship salvaging project under water, measures shall be
adopted to prevent the spread of oil pollution and emergence of new
pollution.

Chapter X Compensation for Harm from Pollution Accidents Caused by Vessels
Article 39
In case of violation by vessels of the Marine Environmental Protection Law
of the People's Republic of China and these Regulations that has caused
pollution damage to the marine environment, the harbor superintendencies
may order the payment of a fee for eliminating the pollution, and
compensation for the state's losses. If the party concerned does not
accept the order, he may bring a suit before the people's court in
accordance with the stipulation of Article 41 of the Marine Environmental
Protection Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 40
In the event that units or individuals that have suffered pollution damage

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